Writing a business plan is a must if you need investors help you with financing or a bank lend you a loan.
A well-written business plan is half the battle in setting up a new business or expanding an existing one.
Lending institutions these days impose much tougher conditions than before for business borrowers. So you need to present an excellent case to convince your investors to risk their funds for your project.
Here are the components of a business plan that will help you make your dreams come true:
1) COVER PAGE
• HEADLINE: Name of the Project • Name of the writer (if any) • Point of Contact (POC) (if different than the writer) • Company logo • Company name • Snail-mail address • E-mail address • Web URL • Telephone number • Copyright notice
2) EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
A one-page summary of
• The product or service in question. This is your “elevator pitch.” Imagine yourself riding an elevator together with your lender. Would you be able to summarize your business in 30 seconds? That’s what should go in here.
What is the PROBLEM you are trying to SOLVE?
Is the problem you identify REAL, SIGNIFICANT? Does it have a DEMOGRAPHIC BASE?
For example, "pet depression" may be a real problem for pet owners.
But is it significant enough for you to develop a solution to it? Are there enough pet owners who would be willing to pay for such a solution?
You have to answer these questions very clearly in your Executive Summary.
• Why this company is uniquely qualified to deliver this product or service • Amount of money requested • Income projection (for 3 or 5 years) • How the investors will get their money back (the Exit Strategy)
In the following sections you’ll treat each item at greater length, with supporting materials. But here you just give a short summary and a bird’s eye view of what’s to come.
Explain how you will provide the product or the service for which you’re asking funding.
What is your BASIC BUSINESS MODEL to make money?
Are you selling an affordable item with low profit margin? Do you need to sell a lot of them to make any money? (E.g., paper clips.)
Or are you selling an expensive item with high profit margin and you don't need to sell that many in a given year to make money? (E.g., nuclear power plants.)
Will your product or service rely on
Individual subscriptions?
Retail sales or Wholesale?
"Loss Leaders"?
Giveaways?
Etc.
Is this a product that needs
Sophisticated distribution channels?
Research and development?
Warehousing?
Legal or regulatory prerequisites?
4) COMPETITION ANALYSIS
Research and explain how you’ll beat the competition in your specific market niche.
• Profile of competitors • Demographics: how many customers are there? • Profile of typical user or customer • What’s your UPS (Unique Selling Proposition) that should win over the customers?
If your business is local (e.g., an Italian restaurant on XYZ Street), then you need to justify your business prospects by focusing on immediate local factors.
If you have an online business or a brick-and-mortar business with national or international appeal, then you need to focus on online competition, SEO factors, and address a different set of non-local factors that will impact your earnings.
5) MARKETING PLAN
Explain how are you going to market this product or service.
• Overall marketing goals and marketing calendar • Marketing stages and numerical goal for each stage. • Marketing venues or platforms you will use • Marketing budget
Have you personally talked to you prospective customers?
Did you survey their habits and desires?
Did you do a market test of your product or service?
If, for example, you'd like to produce pomegranate cookies, have you distributed samples to random groups and recorded their reactions?
It's easy to say, "well, if one out of every thousand person living in New York City buys my product I'll be a millionaire." But how do you know? What if the real figure is one in a million?
Be ready to back up your marketing plan and projections with hard data.
6) MANAGEMENT and STAFF PROFILE
Names and backgrounds of the management staff and other company employees who will bring this project to a successful conclusion. Make sure to list their:
• Education • Other related industry experience • Awards won (if any) • Membership in prestigious organizations (if any)
7) CASH FLOW PROJECTION
Illustrate in tables, charts, and graphs when and how much profit will this enterprise make over the next three years. Some lenders ask for a five year projection.
It’s a good idea to break down the first year into monthly projections and then provide lump-sum figures for the remaining years.
At a minimum, include the follow items in your projection:
• Gross revenue • Cost of goods • Cost of overhead • Debt service • Consultancy and other fees • Cost of advertisement and marketing• Net income
8) RISK ANALYSIS
A business plan that only talks about rosy prospects is not a realistic one and will not be taken seriously.
Talking about possible risks and difficulties will show that you've done your homework thoroughly and will raise your stature in the eyes of the investors. It's not a sign of weakness at all.
• Will the customers buy your product or use your service? How much they will pay? • How will the competition react to your success? How will you counter their possible moves? • What if you're sued for patent infringement or copyright issues? What is your contingency plan? • Will your staff need additional training once business volume reaches a certain level? Will you need new equipment, move to a new office or warehouse? • What is your "Plan B" (or even "Plan C")? • Etc.
9) EXIT STRATEGY
How will your investors recoup their investment and make a profit?
• Are you planning to have an IPO (Initial Public Offering) for example and go public with the stocks? • Are you planning to sell it to another investor? • How about a merger? • Or are you planning to pay the investors their money back with X% of interest, according to a calendar? • What happens if you happen to die while you’re running the business? Is there a backup contingency plan? Or will be business be liquidated? • Etc.
10) BACK PAGE
• Company logo • Company name • Snail-mail address • E-mail address • Web URL • Telephone number • Copyright notice